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A mental disorder, also referred to as a mental illness,[6] a mental health condition,[7] or a psychiatric disability,[2] is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.[8] A mental disorder is also characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior, often in a social context.[9][10] Such disturbances may occur as single episodes, may be persistent, or may be relapsing–remitting. There are many different types of mental disorders, with signs and symptoms that vary widely between specific disorders.[10][11] A mental disorder is one aspect of mental health. The causes of mental disorders are often unclear. Theories incorporate findings from a range of fields. Disorders may be associated with particular regions or functions of the brain. Disorders are usually diagnosed or assessed by a mental health professional, such as a clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse, or clinical social worker, using various methods such as psychometric tests, but often relying on observation and questioning. Cultural and religious beliefs, as well as social norms, should be taken into account when making a diagnosis.[12] Services for mental disorders are usually based in psychiatric hospitals, outpatient clinics, or in the community (in the United Kingdom). Treatments are provided by mental health professionals. Common treatment options are psychotherapy or psychiatric medication, while lifestyle changes, social interventions, peer support, and self-help are also options. In a minority of cases, there may be involuntary detention or treatment. Prevention programs have been shown to reduce depression.[10][13] In 2019, common mental disorders around the globe include: major depression, which affects about 264 million people; dementia, which affects about 50 million; bipolar disorder, which affects about 45 million; and schizophrenia and other psychoses, which affect about 20 million people.[10] Neurodevelopmental disorders include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (autism), and intellectual disability, of which onset occurs early in the developmental period.[14][10] Stigma and discrimination can add to the suffering and disability associated with mental disorders, leading to various social movements attempting to increase understanding and challenge social exclusion. Definition "Nervous breakdown" redirects here. For other uses, see Nervous breakdown (disambiguation). The definition and classification of mental disorders are key issues for researchers as well as service providers and those who may be diagnosed. For a mental state to be classified as a disorder, it generally needs to cause dysfunction.[15] Most international clinical documents use the term mental "disorder", while "illness" is also common. It has been noted that using the term "mental" (i.e., of the mind) is not necessarily meant to imply separateness from the brain or body. According to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), published in 1994, a mental disorder is a psychological syndrome or pattern that is associated with distress (e.g., via a painful symptom), disability (impairment in one or more important areas of functioning), increased risk of death, or causes a significant loss of autonomy; however, it excludes normal responses such as the grief from loss of a loved one and also excludes deviant behavior for political, religious, or societal reasons not arising from a dysfunction in the individual.[16] The DSM-IV definition states that, like many medical terms, mental disorder "lacks a consistent operational definition that covers all situations". It notes that different levels of abstraction can be used for medical definitions, including pathology, symptomology, deviance from a normal range, or etiology, and that the same is true for mental disorders, so that sometimes one type of definition is appropriate and sometimes another, depending on the situation.[17] In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) redefined mental disorders in the DSM-5 as "a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning."[18] The final draft of ICD-11 contains a very similar definition.[19] The terms "mental breakdown" or "nervous breakdown" may be used by the general population to mean a mental disorder.[20] The terms "nervous breakdown" and "mental breakdown" have not been formally defined through a medical diagnostic system such as the DSM-5 or ICD-10 and are nearly absent from scientific literature regarding mental illness.[21][22] Although "nervous breakdown" is not rigorously defined, surveys of laypersons suggest that the term refers to a specific acute time-limited reactive disorder involving symptoms such as anxiety or depression, usually precipitated by external stressors.[21] Many health experts today refer to a nervous breakdown as a mental health crisis.[23] Nervous illness This article contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. Please help summarize the quotations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or excerpts to Wikisource. (February 2026) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In addition to the concept of mental disorder, some people have argued for a return to the old-fashioned concept of nervous illness. In How Everyone Became Depressed: The Rise and Fall of the Nervous Breakdown (2013), Edward Shorter, a professor of psychiatry and the history of medicine, says: We have had nervous illness for centuries. When you are too nervous to function ... it is a nervous breakdown. But that term has vanished from medicine, although not from the way we speak.... The nervous patients of yesteryear are the depressives of today. That is the bad news.... There is a deeper illness that drives depression and the symptoms of mood. We can call this deeper illness something else, or invent a neologism, but we need to get the discussion off depression and onto this deeper disorder in the brain and body. That is the point. — Edward Shorter, the University of Toronto[24] In eliminating the nervous breakdown, psychiatry has come close to having its own nervous breakdown. — David Healy, MD, FRCPsych, Professor of Psychiatry, University of Cardiff, Wales[25] Nerves stand at the core of common mental illness, no matter how much we try to forget them. — Peter J. Tyrer, FMedSci, Professor of Community Psychiatry, Imperial College, London[26] Classifications Main article: Classification of mental disorders There are currently two widely established systems that classify mental disorders: International Classification of Diseases produced by the WHO. The latest edition is the ICD-11, which is in effect since 1 January 2022.[27] The ICD is a broad medical classification system; mental disorders are contained in Chapter 06: Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders (06). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders produced by the American Psychiatric Association since 1952. The latest edition is the Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), which was released in 2022.[28] Both of these list categories of disorder and provide standardized criteria for diagnosis. They have deliberately converged their codes in recent revisions so that the manuals are often broadly comparable, although significant differences remain. Other classification schemes may be used in non-western cultures, for example, the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders, and other manuals may be used by those of alternative theoretical persuasions, such as the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual. In general, mental disorders are classified separately from neurological disorders, learning disabilities or intellectual disability. Unlike the DSM and ICD, some approaches are not based on identifying distinct categories of disorder using dichotomous symptom profiles intended to separate the abnormal from the normal. There is significant scientific debate about the relative merits of categorical versus such non-categorical (or hybrid) schemes, also known as continuum or dimensional models. A spectrum approach may incorporate elements of both. In the scientific and academic literature on the definition or classification of mental disorder, one extreme argues that it is entirely a matter of value judgements (including of what is normal) while another proposes that it is or could be entirely objective and scientific (including by reference to statistical norms).[29] Common hybrid views argue that the concept of mental disorder is objective even if only a "fuzzy prototype" that can never be precisely defined, or conversely that the concept always involves a mixture of scientific facts and subjective value judgments.[30] Although the diagnostic categories are referred to as 'disorders', they are presented as medical diseases, but are not validated in the same way as most medical diagnoses. Some neurologists argue that classification will only be reliable and valid when based on neurobiological features rather than clinical interview, while others suggest that the differing ideological and practical perspectives need to be better integrated.[31][32] The DSM and ICD approach remains under attack both because of the implied causality model[33] and because some researchers believe it better to aim at underlying brain differences which can precede symptoms by many years.[34] Dimensional models The high degree of comorbidity between disorders in categorical models such as the DSM and ICD have led some to propose dimensional models. Studying comorbidity between disorders have demonstrated two latent (unobserved) factors or dimensions in the structure of mental disorders that are thought to possibly reflect etiological processes. These two dimensions reflect a distinction between internalizing disorders, such as mood or anxiety symptoms, and externalizing disorders such as behavioral or substance use symptoms.[35] A single general factor of psychopathology, similar to the g factor for intelligence, has been empirically supported. The p factor model supports the internalizing-externalizing distinction, but also supports the formation of a third dimension of thought disorders such as schizophrenia.[36] Biological evidence also supports the validity of the internalizing-externalizing structure of mental disorders, with twin and adoption studies supporting heritable factors for externalizing and internalizing disorders.[37][38][39] A leading dimensional model is the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology. Disorders See also: List of mental disorders There are many different categories of mental disorder, and many different facets of human behavior and personality that can become disordered.[40][41][42][43] Anxiety disorders Main article: Anxiety disorder An anxiety disorder is anxiety or fear that interferes with normal functioning.[41] Commonly recognized categories include specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Obsessive–compulsive disorder was categorized as an anxiety disorder in DSM-III, which was published in 1980, but was later placed in its own section called "Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder" in DSM-5.[44] Mood disorders Main article: Mood disorder Other affective (emotion/mood) processes can also become disordered. Mood disorder involving unusually intense and sustained sadness, melancholia, or despair is known as major depression (also known as unipolar or clinical depression). Milder, but still prolonged depression, can be diagnosed as dysthymia. Bipolar disorder (also known as manic depression) involves abnormally "high" or pressured mood states, known as mania or hypomania, alternating with normal or depressed moods. The extent to which unipolar and bipolar mood phenomena represent distinct categories of disorder, or mix and merge along a dimension or spectrum of mood, is subject to some scientific debate.[45][46] Psychotic disorders Main article: Psychotic disorder Patterns of belief, language use and perception of reality can become dysregulated (e.g., delusions, thought disorder, hallucinations). Psychotic disorders in this domain include schizophrenia, and delusional disorder. Schizoaffective disorder is a category used for individuals showing aspects of both schizophrenia and affective disorders. Schizotypy is a category used for individuals showing some of the characteristics associated with schizophrenia, but without meeting cutoff criteria.[citation needed] Personality disorders Main article: Personality disorder Personality—the fundamental characteristics of a person that influence thoughts and behaviors across situations and time—may be considered disordered if judged to be abnormally rigid and maladaptive. Although treated separately by some[by whom?], the commonly used categorical schemes[which?] include them as mental disorders. Personality disorders, in general, are defined as emerging in childhood, or at least by adolescence or early adulthood. There is an emerging consensus that personality disorders, similar to personality traits in general, incorporate a mixture of acute dysfunctional behaviors that may resolve in short periods, and maladaptive temperamental traits that are more enduring.[47] Furthermore, there are also non-categorical schemes that rate all individuals via a profile of different dimensions of personality without a symptom-based cutoff from normal personality variation, for example through schemes based on dimensional models of personality disorders.[48][49][non-primary source needed] A number of different personality disorders are listed in the DSM-5-TR, including those sometimes classed as eccentric, such as paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders; types that have described as dramatic or emotional, such as antisocial, borderline, histrionic or narcissistic personality disorders; and those sometimes classed as fear-related, such as anxious-avoidant, dependent, or obsessive–compulsive personality disorders.[citation needed] While the DSM-5-TR standard model diagnoses personality disorders as distinct categories, the ICD-11 classification of personality disorders contains a single, dimensional personality disorder which is diagnosed according to severity, with the possibility to additionally diagnose trait domains.[50] In the case of the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality disorders, the approach chosen is a dimensional–categorical model,[51] in which diagnosis can consist of either predefined categories based on specific combinations of traits and functioning levels,[52] or of a general diagnosis called personality disorder – trait specified.[52] The ICD-11 classifies schizotypal disorder among primary psychotic disorders rather than as a personality disorder as in the DSM-5.[53] Neurodevelopmental disorders Main article: Neurodevelopmental disorder Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of mental disorders that affect the central nervous system, such as the brain and spinal cord.[54] These disorders can appear in early childhood.[55] They can even persist into adulthood.[56] A few of the common are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (autism), intellectual disabilities, motor disorders, and communication disorders among others. Some causes can contribute to these disorders, such as genetic factors (genetics, family medical history),[57] environmental factors (excessive stress, exposure to neurotoxins, pollution, viral infections, bacterial infections),[58][59] physical factors (traumatic brain injury, illness),[60] and prenatal factors (birth defects, exposure to drugs during pregnancy, low birth weight).[61] Neurodevelopmental disorders can be managed with behavioral therapy, applied behavior analysis (ABA), educational interventions, specific medications, and other such treatments.[62] Approximately 8 in 10 people with autism suffer from a mental health problem in their lifetime, in comparison to 1 in 4 of the general population that suffers from a mental health problem in their lifetimes.[63][64][65] Eating disorders Main article: Eating disorder An eating disorder is a serious mental health condition that involves an unhealthy relationship with food and body image. They can cause severe physical and psychological problems.[66] Eating disorders involve disproportionate concern in matters of food and weight.[41] Categories eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, exercise bulimia, or binge eating disorder.[67][68] Sleep disorders Main article: Sleep disorder Sleep disorders are associated with disruption to normal sleep patterns. A common sleep disorder is insomnia, which is described as difficulty falling and/or staying asleep. Other sleep disorders include narcolepsy, sleep apnea, REM sleep behavior disorder, chronic sleep deprivation, and restless leg syndrome. Narcolepsy is a condition of extreme tendencies to fall asleep whenever and wherever. People with narcolepsy feel refreshed after their random sleep, but eventually get sleepy again. Narcolepsy diagnosis requires an overnight stay at a sleep center for analysis, during which doctors ask for a detailed sleep history and sleep records. Doctors also use actigraphs and polysomnography.[69] Doctors will do a multiple sleep latency test, which measures how long it takes a person to fall asleep.[69] Sleep apnea, when breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, can be a serious sleep disorder. Three types of sleep apnea include obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, and complex sleep apnea.[70] Sleep apnea can be diagnosed at home or with polysomnography at a sleep center. An ear, nose, and throat doctor may further help with the sleeping habits. Sexuality related Sexual disorders include dyspareunia and various kinds of paraphilia (sexual arousal to objects, situations, or individuals that are considered abnormal or harmful to the person or others).[citation needed] Other Impulse control disorders: People who are abnormally unable to resist certain urges or impulses that could be harmful to themselves or others, may be classified as having an impulse control disorder, and disorders such as kleptomania (stealing) or pyromania (fire-setting). Various behavioral addictions, such as gambling addiction, may be classed as a disorder.[citation needed] Substance use disorders: This disorder refers to the use of drugs (legal or illegal, including alcohol) that persists despite significant problems or harm related to its use. Substance dependence and substance abuse fall under this umbrella category in the DSM. Substance use disorder may be due to a pattern of compulsive and repetitive use of a drug that results in tolerance to its effects and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped.[citation needed] Dissociative disorders: People with severe disturbances of their self-identity, memory, and general awareness of themselves and their surroundings may be classified as having these types of disorders, including depersonalization-derealization disorder or dissociative identity disorder (which was previously referred to as multiple personality disorder or "split personality").[citation needed] Cognitive disorders: These affect cognitive abilities, including learning and memory. This category includes delirium and mild and major neurocognitive disorder (previously termed dementia).[citation needed] Somatoform disorders may be diagnosed when there are problems that appear to originate in the body that are thought to be manifestations of a mental disorder. This includes somatization disorder and conversion disorder. There are also disorders of how a person perceives their body, such as body dysmorphic disorder. Neurasthenia is an old diagnosis involving somatic complaints as well as fatigue and low spirits/depression, which is officially recognized by the ICD-10 but no longer by the DSM-IV.[71][non-primary source needed] Factitious disorders are diagnosed where symptoms are thought to be reported for personal gain. Symptoms are often deliberately produced or feigned, and may relate to either symptoms in the individual or in someone close to them, particularly people they care for.[citation needed] There are attempts to introduce a category of relational disorder, where the diagnosis is of a relationship rather than on any one individual in that relationship. The relationship may be between children and their parents, between couples, or others. There already exists, under the category of psychosis, a diagnosis of shared psychotic disorder where two or more individuals share a particular delusion because of their close relationship with each other.[citation needed] There are a number of uncommon psychiatric syndromes, which are often named after the person who first described them, such as Capgras syndrome, De Clerambault syndrome, Othello syndrome, Ganser syndrome, Cotard delusion, and Ekbom syndrome, and additional disorders such as the Couvade syndrome and Geschwind syndrome.[72] Signs and symptoms Course The onset of psychiatric disorders usually occurs from childhood to early adulthood.[73] Impulse-control disorders and a few anxiety disorders tend to appear in childhood. Some other anxiety disorders, substance disorders, and mood disorders emerge later in the mid-teens.[74] Symptoms of schizophrenia typically manifest from late adolescence to early twenties.[75] The likely course and outcome of mental disorders vary and are dependent on numerous factors related to the disorder itself, the individual as a whole, and the social environment. Some disorders may last a brief period of time, while others may be long-term in nature. All disorders can have a varied course. Long-term international studies of schizophrenia have found that over a half of individuals recover in terms of symptoms, and around a fifth to a third in terms of symptoms and functioning, with many requiring no medication. While some have serious difficulties and support needs for many years, "late" recovery is still plausible. The World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that the long-term studies' findings converged with others in "relieving patients, carers and clinicians of the chronicity paradigm which dominated thinking throughout much of the 20th century."[76][non-primary source needed][77] A follow-up study by Tohen and coworkers revealed that around half of people initially diagnosed with bipolar disorder achieve symptomatic recovery (no longer meeting criteria for the diagnosis) within six weeks, and nearly all achieve it within two years, with nearly half regaining their prior occupational and residential status in that period. Less than half go on to experience a new episode of mania or major depression within the next two years.[78][non-primary source needed] Disability Disorder Disability-adjusted life years[79] Major depressive disorder 65.5 million Alcohol-use disorder 23.7 million Schizophrenia 16.8 million Bipolar disorder 14.4 million Other drug-use disorders 8.4 million Panic disorder 7.0 million Obsessive-compulsive disorder 5.1 million Primary insomnia 3.6 million Post-traumatic stress disorder 3.5 million Some disorders may be very limited in their functional effects, while others may involve substantial disability and support needs. In this context, the terms psychiatric disability and psychological disability are sometimes used instead of mental disorder.[2][3] The degree of ability or disability may vary over time and across different life domains. Furthermore, psychiatric disability has been linked to institutionalization, discrimination and social exclusion as well as to the inherent effects of disorders. Alternatively, functioning may be affected by the stress of having to hide a condition in work or school, etc., by adverse effects of medications or other substances, or by mismatches between illness-related variations and demands for regularity.[80] It is also the case that, while often being characterized in purely negative terms, some mental traits or states labeled as psychiatric disabilities can also involve above-average creativity, non-conformity, goal-striving, meticulousness, or empathy.[81] In addition, the public perception of the level of disability associated with mental disorders can change.[82] Nevertheless, internationally, people report equal or greater disability from commonly occurring mental conditions than from commonly occurring physical conditions, particularly in their social roles and personal relationships. The proportion with access to professional help for mental disorders is far lower, however, even among those assessed as having a severe psychiatric disability.[83] Disability in this context may or may not involve such things as: Basic activities of daily living. Including looking after the self (health care, grooming, dressing, shopping, cooking etc.) or looking after accommodation (chores, DIY tasks, etc.) Interpersonal relationships. Including communication skills, ability to form relationships and sustain them, ability to leave the home or mix in crowds or particular settings Occupational functioning. Ability to acquire an employment and hold it, cognitive and social skills required for the job, dealing with workplace culture, or studying as a student. In terms of total disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which is an estimate of how many years of life are lost due to premature death or to being in a state of poor health and disability, psychiatric disabilities rank amongst the most disabling conditions. Unipolar depressive disorder (also known as major depressive disorder) is the third leading cause of disability worldwide, of any condition mental or physical, accounting for 65.5 million years lost. The first systematic description of global disability arising in youth, in 2011, found that among 10- to 24-year-olds nearly half of all disability (current and as estimated to continue) was due to psychiatric disabilities, including substance use disorders and conditions involving self-harm. Second to this were accidental injuries (mainly traffic collisions) accounting for 12 percent of disability, followed by communicable diseases at 10 percent. The psychiatric disabilities associated with most disabilities in high-income countries were unipolar major depression (20%) and alcohol use disorder (11%). In the eastern Mediterranean region, it was unipolar major depression (12%) and schizophrenia (7%), and in Africa it was unipolar major depression (7%) and bipolar disorder (5%).[84] Suicide, which is often attributed to some underlying mental disorder, is a leading cause of death among teenagers and adults under 35.[85][86] There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non-fatal attempted suicides every year worldwide.[87] Risk factors Main article: Causes of mental disorders The predominant view as of 2018 is that genetic, psychological, and environmental factors all contribute to the development or progression of mental disorders.[88] Different risk factors may be present at different ages, with risk occurring as early as during prenatal period.[89] Genetics Main article: Psychiatric genetics A number of psychiatric disorders are linked to a family history (including depression, narcissistic personality disorder[90][91] and anxiety).[92] Twin studies have also revealed a very high heritability for many mental disorders (especially autism and schizophrenia).[93] Although researchers have been looking for decades for clear linkages between genetics and mental disorders, that work has not yielded specific genetic biomarkers yet that might lead to better diagnosis and better treatments.[94] Statistical research looking at eleven disorders found widespread assortative mating between people with mental illness. That means that individuals with one of these disorders were two to three times more likely than the general population to have a partner with a mental disorder. Sometimes people seemed to have preferred partners with the same mental illness. Thus, people with schizophrenia or ADHD are seven times more likely to have affected partners with the same disorder. This is even more pronounced for people with autism who are 10 times more likely to have a spouse with the same disorder.[95] Environment Main article: Brain health and pollution The prevalence of mental illness is higher in more economically unequal countries. During the prenatal stage, factors like unwanted pregnancy, lack of adaptation to pregnancy or substance use during pregnancy increases the risk of developing a mental disorder.[89] Maternal stress and birth complications including prematurity and infections have also been implicated in increasing susceptibility for mental illness.[96] Infants neglected or not provided optimal nutrition have a higher risk of developing cognitive impairment.[89] Social influences have also been found to be important,[97] including abuse, neglect, bullying, social stress, traumatic events, and other negative or overwhelming life experiences. Aspects of the wider community have also been implicated,[98] including employment problems, socioeconomic inequality, lack of social cohesion, problems linked to migration, and features of particular societies and cultures. The specific risks and pathways to particular disorders are less clear, however. Nutrition also plays a role in mental disorders.[10][99] In schizophrenia and psychosis, risk factors include migration and discrimination, childhood trauma, bereavement or separation in families, recreational use of drugs,[100] and urbanicity.[98] In anxiety, risk factors may include parenting factors including parental rejection, lack of parental warmth, high hostility, harsh discipline, high maternal negative affect, anxious childrearing, modelling of dysfunctional and drug-abusing behavior, and child abuse (emotional, physical and sexual).[101] Adults with imbalance work to life are at higher risk for developing anxiety.[89] For bipolar disorder, stress (such as childhood adversity) is not a specific cause, but does place genetically and biologically vulnerable individuals at risk for a more severe course of illness.[102] Drug use Mental disorders are associated with drug use including: cannabis,[103] alcohol[104] and caffeine,[105] use of which appears to promote anxiety.[106] For psychosis and schizophrenia, usage of a number of drugs has been associated with development of the disorder, including cannabis, cocaine, and amphetamines.[107][103] There has been debate regarding the relationship between usage of cannabis and bipolar disorder.[108] Cannabis has also been associated with depression.[103] Adolescents are at increased risk for tobacco, alcohol and drug use; Peer pressure is the main reason why adolescents start using substances. At this age, the use of substances could be detrimental to the development of the brain and place them at higher risk of developing a mental disorder.[89] Chronic disease People living with chronic conditions like HIV and diabetes are at higher risk of developing a mental disorder. People living with diabetes experience significant stress from the biological impact of the disease, which places them at risk for developing anxiety and depression. Diabetic patients also have to deal with emotional stress trying to manage the disease. Conditions like heart disease, stroke, respiratory conditions, cancer, and arthritis increase the risk of developing a mental disorder when compared to the general population.[109] Personality traits Risk factors for mental illness include a propensity for high neuroticism[110][111] or "emotional instability". In anxiety, risk factors may include temperament and attitudes (e.g. pessimism).[92] Causal models Mental disorders can arise from multiple sources, and in many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause currently established. An eclectic or pluralistic mix of models may be used to explain particular disorders.[111][112] The primary paradigm of contemporary mainstream Western psychiatry is said to be the biopsychosocial model, which incorporates biological, psychological and social factors, although this may not always be applied in practice. Biological psychiatry follows a biomedical model where many mental disorders are conceptualized as disorders of brain circuits likely caused by developmental processes shaped by a complex interplay of genetics and experience. A common assumption is that disorders may have resulted from genetic and developmental vulnerabilities, exposed by stress in life (for example in a diathesis–stress model), although there are various views on what causes differences between individuals. Some types of mental disorders may be viewed as primarily neurodevelopmental disorders.[citation needed] A distinction is sometimes made between a "medical model" or a "social model" of psychiatric disability.[113] Diagnosis Psychiatrists seek to provide a medical diagnosis of individuals by an assessment of symptoms, signs and impairment associated with particular types of mental disorder. Other mental health professionals, such as clinical psychologists, may or may not apply the same diagnostic categories to their clinical formulation of a client's difficulties and circumstances.[114] The majority of mental health problems are, at least initially, assessed and treated by family physicians (in the UK general practitioners) during consultations, who may refer a patient on for more specialist diagnosis in acute or chronic cases. Routine diagnostic practice in mental health services typically involves an interview known as a mental status examination, where evaluations are made of appearance and behavior, self-reported symptoms, mental health history, and current life circumstances. The views of other professionals, relatives, or other third parties may be taken into account. A physical examination to check for ill health or the effects of medications or other drugs may be conducted. Psychological testing is sometimes used via paper-and-pen or computerized questionnaires, which may include algorithms based on ticking off standardized diagnostic criteria, and in rare specialist cases neuroimaging tests may be requested, but such methods are more commonly found in research studies than routine clinical practice.[115][116] Time and budgetary constraints often limit practicing psychiatrists from conducting more thorough diagnostic evaluations.[117] It has been found that most clinicians evaluate patients using an unstructured, open-ended approach, with limited training in evidence-based assessment methods, and that inaccurate diagnosis may be common in routine practice.[118] In addition, comorbidity is very common in psychiatric diagnosis, where the same person meets the criteria for more than one disorder. On the other hand, a person may have several different difficulties only some of which meet the criteria for being diagnosed. There may be specific problems with accurate diagnosis in developing countries. More structured approaches are being increasingly used to measure levels of mental illness. HoNOS is the most widely used measure in English mental health services, being used by at least 61 trusts.[119] In HoNOS a score of 0–4 is given for each of 12 factors, based on functional living capacity.[120] Research has been supportive of HoNOS,[121] although some questions have been asked about whether it provides adequate coverage of the range and complexity of mental illness problems, and whether the fact that often only 3 of the 12 scales vary over time gives enough subtlety to accurately measure outcomes of treatment.[122] Criticism icon This section relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "criticism" psychiatric diagnosis – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Since the 1980s, Paula Caplan has been concerned about the subjectivity of psychiatric diagnosis, and people being arbitrarily "slapped with a psychiatric label." Caplan says because psychiatric diagnosis is unregulated, doctors are not required to spend much time interviewing patients or to seek a second opinion. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders can lead a psychiatrist to focus on narrow checklists of symptoms, with little consideration of what is actually causing the person's problems. So, according to Caplan, getting a psychiatric diagnosis and label often stands in the way of recovery.[123] In 2013, psychiatrist Allen Frances wrote a paper entitled "The New Crisis of Confidence in Psychiatric Diagnosis", which said that "psychiatric diagnosis... still relies exclusively on fallible subjective judgments rather than objective biological tests." Frances was also concerned about "unpredictable overdiagnosis."[124] For many years, marginalized psychiatrists (such as Peter Breggin, Thomas Szasz) and outside critics (such as Stuart A. Kirk) have "been accusing psychiatry of engaging in the systematic medicalization of normality." More recently these concerns have come from insiders who have worked for and promoted the American Psychiatric Association (e.g., Robert Spitzer, Allen Frances).[125] A 2002 editorial in the British Medical Journal warned of inappropriate medicalization leading to disease mongering, where the boundaries of the definition of illnesses are expanded to include personal problems as medical problems or risks of diseases are emphasized to broaden the market for medications.[126] Gary Greenberg, a psychoanalyst, in his book "the Book of Woe", argues that mental illness is really about suffering and how the DSM creates diagnostic labels to categorize people's suffering.[127] Indeed, the psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, in his book "the Medicalization of Everyday Life", also argues that what is psychiatric illness, is not always biological in nature (i.e. social problems, poverty, etc.), and may even be a part of the human condition.[128] Potential routine use of MRI/fMRI in diagnosis in 2018 the American Psychological Association commissioned a review to reach a consensus on whether modern clinical MRI/fMRI will be able to be used in the diagnosis of mental health disorders. The criteria presented by the APA stated that the biomarkers used in diagnosis should:

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  A   mental disorder , also referred to as a   mental illness , [ 6 ]   a   mental health condition , [ 7 ]   or a   psychiatric disability , [ 2 ]   is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. [ 8 ]   A mental disorder is also characterized by a   clinically significant   disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior, often in a   social context . [ 9 ] [ 10 ]  Such disturbances may occur as single episodes, may be persistent, or may be   relapsing–remitting . There are many different types of mental disorders, with   signs and symptoms   that vary widely between specific disorders. [ 10 ] [ 11 ]   A mental disorder is one aspect of   mental health . The  causes of mental disorders  are often unclear. Theories incorporate findings from a range of fields. Disorders may be associated with particula...
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run away with a person's thunder 1. 남의 생각[방법]을 가로채다, 남의 공을 빼앗다 2. 선수를 치다, 남을 앞지르다女子性器女性器여성성기女性性器muliebriafemale genitaliafront bottomlambie-pie630128-1067814박종권我서기2025년4월4일현재61세기준이건희我의섹스마법이건희我의아틀란티스생식샘침투기원전15000년시기아틀란티스침투아틀란티스생식샘접수후섹스마법개발이건희프로젝트를통해서은하계1/4파괴부정정사부정정교부정사음부정섹스부정결혼자행만든영체로서+22원등급휴만종족계열의고위등급영혼체를복제복사하고빼앗아서식인파충류식인공룡말데크계열의휴만종족인간종비파충류종에대한영구지배음모추진레무리아파멸아틀란티스파멸후은하계전체를가축농장화시도전초전으로서亞플레이아데스식인파충류무리가하이브리드휴만종족으로위조각하여플레이아데스연방전개은하계장악및연이은지구아플레이아데스인들의영구복락획책제4우주전개술수로악용오리온민타카와아플레이아데스전쟁유발이건희가섹스마법부정정사술수로서서양고위명문백인위전생후서양세계지도자로부상빌데베르크지도자,로마클럽지도자,프리메이슨중추핵심,일루미나티지도부장악합스부르크장악말데크악룡의인육집중정책가축농장화음모적극협조지원인간류멸족하등짐승화추진음모남자로서여자보지를달고여자로위장하는남색여장남자여장남성소돔과고모라연출지구인간문명계의파탄유도짐승수준으로타락유인바벨탑구축背恩忘德悖惡悖德함의奬勵稱讚激勵당연시풍조구축인간류의고깃덩어리화정책집중에악용여자보지여자음부여자음문여자음구인간류포유영장류의섹스오르가즘쾌락을인육사냥기술에집중적용악용식인식육인육물건육등인간고기를처먹는수단으로서인간류섹스쾌감오르가즘을오용적용인육미각증진용으로악용물리학의 주요 분야분류응용물리학실험물리학이론물리학에너지운동열역학역학 고전역학 라그랑주 역학해밀턴 역학연속체 역학천체역학통계역학유체역학양자역학파동장중력전자기학양자장론상대성이론 특수 상대성이론일반 상대성이론전문 분야가속물리학음향학천체물리학 핵 천체물리학항성물리학헬리오 물리학 태양물리학우주물리학천체입자물리학원자 분자 광 물리학계산물리학응집물질물리학 고체물리학디지털 물리학기초공학재료물리학수리물리학핵물리학광학 기하광학물리광학비선형 광학양자광학입자물리학 현상학플라스마고분자물리학통계물리학물리학과 다른 과학생물리학 심장물리학생물역학의학물리학신경물리학농업물리학 토양물리학대기물리학화학물리학경제물리학지구물리학정신물리학입자 물리학의 입자기본 입자페르미온쿼크위(u)아래(d)맵시(c)기묘(s)꼭대기(t)바닥(b)렙톤전자(e−)/양전자(e+)뮤온(μ−/μ+)타우 입자(τ−/τ+)중성미자 전자 중성미자/전자 반중성미자뮤온 중성미자/뮤온 반중성미자타우 중성미자/타우 반중성미자보손게이지 보손 (광자W · Z보손글루온)스칼라 보손(힉스 보손)미관측 입자대통일 이론 등액시온(A0)마요론(J)X · Y보손W' · Z' 보손비활성 중성미자자기 홀극테크니컬러 관련 입자초대칭짝게이지노글루이노중력미자 (골드스티노)뉴트랄리노 (포티노힉시노지노)차지노 (위노힉시노)색시온액시노스페르미온스쿼크 (스칼라 위 쿼크, 스칼라 아래 쿼크, 스칼라 맵시 쿼크, 스칼라 기묘 쿼크, 스칼라 꼭대기 쿼크, 스칼라 바닥 쿼크)슬렙톤 (스엘렉트론, 스뮤온, 스타우온, 스뉴트리노, 스뮤온 스뉴트리노, 스타우 스뉴트리노)양자 중력 및 끈 이론중력자딜라톤라디온(중력스칼라)중력광자기타 유령 입자골드스톤 보손타키온순간자합성 입자강입자중입자핵자(N) (양성자(p)중성자(n))Δ(델타)Λ(람다)Σ(시그마)Ξ(크시)Ω(오메가)맛깔없는 가벼운 중간자π(파이온)ρ(로)η(에타)·η′(에타 프라임)φ(피)ω(오메가)a(에이)b(비)f(에프)·f′(에프 프라임)h(에이치)·h′(에이치 프라임)맛깔없는 무거운 중간자J/ψ(제이/프시)ϒ(입실론)θ(세타)χ(키)ηc/b/t(에타 쿼코늄)hc/b/t맛깔있는 중간자K(케이온)DBT기타원자핵원자분자별난 원자 오늄포지트로늄뮤오늄 등펜타쿼크미관측 입자테트라쿼크글루볼중간자 분자준입자솔리톤엑시톤마그논포논플라스몬폴라리톤폴라론로톤목록기타 가설 입자무의식초자아트라우마방어기제정신분석게슈탈트 붕괴고전적 조건형성조작적 조건형성인지부조화바넘 효과심리 검사성격 검사초두효과설단 현상칵테일 파티 효과전경-배경 이론깨진 유리창 이론정보처리이론루시퍼 이펙트스탠퍼드 감옥 실험편안한 복제인간 증후군원인론목적론해석 수준 이론심리치료인문학재난심리학(disaster psychology)군사심리학(영어판)군중심리학자살 예방환경심리학깨진 유리창 이론범죄예방 환경설계심리역사학(영어판)로이드 드마우스(영어판)의상심리학(clothing psychology)의사소통(휴먼 커뮤니케이션)대인간 커뮤니케이션(영어판)잔소리 (심리)(영어판)편집성 인격 장애폭력 / 가정폭력아동학대 / 동물학대힐가드와 애트킨슨의 심리학 원론(Atkinson & Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology)볼더 모델찰스 다윈심리학역사심리학자연구 분야감정생물심리학임상심리학인지심리학인지 신경과학비교심리학비판심리학문화심리학발달심리학진화심리학실험심리학개인심리학해방심리학수리심리학매체심리학약물심리학신경심리학수행심리학성격심리학생리심리학정치심리학긍정심리학심리언어학정신병리학정신물리학심리생리학정성적 심리 연구정량적 심리 연구사회심리학이론심리학교육심리학군중심리학스포츠심리학프시응용 분야심리 실험임상심리학상담심리학교육심리학법정심리학건강심리학산업 및 조직 심리학법심리학산업 건강심리학관계심리학학교심리학스포츠심리학음향심리학체제심리학심리철학시각심리학접근 방법분석심리학행동주의인지주의인지 행동 치료기술심리학실존주의 상담가족 치료인지 정서 행동 치료여성주의 상담게슈탈트 치료인본주의심리학초심리학이야기 치료정신분석학정신 역동 치료초개인심리학주요 심리학자버러스 프레더릭 스키너장 피아제지그문트 프로이트오토 랑크멜라니 클라인앨버트 반두라레온 페스팅거로이 샤퍼칼 로저스스탠리 샤흐터닐 엘가 밀러에드워드 손다이크에이브러햄 매슬로고던 올포트에릭 에릭슨한스 아이젠크윌프레드 비용윌리엄 제임스데이비드 맥클랜드앨버트 엘리스아론 벡레이몬드 캐텔존 B. 왓슨쿠르트 르빈도널드 올딩 헤브조지 밀러클라크 헐제롬 케이건카를 융이반 파블로프앙드레 그린알프레트 아들러사회과학주류경제학 거시경제학미시경제학계량경제학수리경제학법학 공법학사법학법계학법제사학판례학사학 경제사학군사사학문화사학사회사학세계사학정치사학역사보조학사회학 농촌사회학도시사회학범죄학인구통계학인터넷사회학언어학 기호학인류학 고고학문화인류학사회인류학체질인류학정치학 국제관계학비교정치학정치철학공공정책학지리학 기술지리학인문지리학자연지리학환경지리학응용 개발학경영학군 경영학행정학계획학군 토지이용계획연구지역계획연구도시계획연구공중보건학과학기술학과학철학군 경제철학사회과학철학심리철학역사철학교육학기술사학과학학군 과학사학양자과학학사회복지학상업학언론정보학역사사회학인간동물학인지과학인류생태학정보과학정치경제학정치사회학정치생태학젠더학지역과학지역학환경학군 환경사회과학환경연구문화연구미디어연구세계화연구식품연구지역연구채식연구골격계통근육계통내분비계통림프계통비뇨계통생식계통소화계통순환계통신경계통피부계통호흡계통두뇌척추간콩팥폐심장성기관: 남자의 성기, 여자의 성기혈액해부학 용어인체 혈관인체골격인체 뼈 목록인체 근육 목록요하네스 로헨맨눈해부학 (육안해부학)조직학 (현미경해부학, 미세해부학)KMLE (의학 검색 엔진)해부학뼈대뼈몸통뼈대 머리뼈척추가슴우리팔다리뼈대 팔뼈대다리뼈대골수연골유리연골섬유연골탄력연골관절섬유관절연골관절윤활관절근육계골격근민무늬근심장근내분비계뇌하수체시상하부솔방울샘갑상샘부갑상샘가슴샘부신이자정소난소순환계심혈관계심장혈관 동맥정맥모세혈관대동맥대정맥폐동맥폐정맥혈액 혈장적혈구백혈구혈소판림프계림프관림프절비장가슴샘편도파이어판점막관련림프조직비뇨계콩팥요관방광요도생식계남성고환부고환정관정삭요도정낭전립샘망울요도샘음낭음경귀두포피여성난소자궁관자궁질질입구주름음문대음순소음순젖샘소화계소화관입인두식도위작은창자 샘창자공장회장큰창자 맹장결장곧은창자항문소화샘침샘이자쓸개간신경계중추신경계 뇌척수말초신경계 몸신경계자율신경계 교감신경계부교감신경계눈귀코혀피부계피부모낭땀샘피지샘손발톱유방호흡계 비강인두후두기관기관지허파외분비계땀샘망울요도샘스킨샘젖샘전립샘전미골부샘점액정낭침샘코딱지큰질어귀샘생물학의 주요 분야생물학의 분야계생명학고생물학고유전학균학기생충학동물학면역학미생물학발생생물학 (발생학)병리학보전생물학분류학분자생물학분자세포유전학생리학생물리학생물정보학생물통계학생태학생화학세포생물학세포유전학수리생물학시간생물학식물학신경과학약리학역학우주생물학유전체학유전학위생학인간생물학조직학진화생물학해부학해양생물학생물학의 가설들자연발생설인체골격몸통뼈대머리뼈뇌머리뼈이마뼈관자뼈마루뼈뒤통수뼈나비뼈벌집뼈얼굴뼈광대뼈위턱뼈아래턱뼈눈물뼈코뼈보습뼈아래코선반입천장뼈귓속뼈 망치뼈모루뼈등자뼈목뿔뼈목뿔뼈척추뼈목뼈등뼈허리뼈엉치뼈꼬리뼈가슴우리복장뼈갈비뼈팔다리뼈대상지팔이음뼈쇄골어깨뼈상완골팔뼈위팔뼈노뼈자뼈손뼈손목뼈 손배뼈반달뼈세모뼈콩알뼈 / 큰마름뼈작은마름뼈알머리뼈갈고리뼈손허리뼈손가락 첫마디뼈중간마디뼈끝마디뼈하지볼기뼈엉덩뼈궁둥뼈두덩뼈다리뼈넙다리뼈무릎뼈정강뼈종아리뼈발뼈발목뼈 발배뼈목말뼈발꿈치뼈 / (안쪽, 중간, 가쪽)쐐기뼈입방뼈발허리뼈발가락 첫마디뼈중간마디뼈끝마디뼈편집성 성격장애(paranoid personality disorder, PPD)분열형 성격장애(Schizotypal Personality Disorder, STPD)분열성 성격장애(Schizoid personality disorder, SPD, SzPD)반사회성 성격장애(Antisocial Personality Disorder, ASPD, APD)경계선 성격장애(Borderline Personality Disorder, BPD)자기애성 성격장애(Narcissistic Personality Disorder, NPD)연극성 성격장애(Histrionic Personality Disorder, HPD)회피성 성격장애(Avoidant Personality Disorder, AvPD)의존성 성격장애(Dependent Personality Disorder, DPD)강박성 성격장애(Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder, OCPD)혼재성 성격장애(Mixed personality disorders)망상피해망상부정망상관계망상과대망상조현증(정신분열병) - 편집성 인격장애(PPD)와 유사하나, 환청과 환각 등이 추가로 동반된다불안불안 장애가정폭력아동학대동물학대변증법적 행동치료이드자기동일성이기주의카르테지안 극장발달심리학 - 아동심리학마음 이론자기(self)자기 혐오진아(眞我) = 자아 + 무아민족성관련 개념씨족민족 민족언어 집단민족종교 집단원주민내집단과 외집단초민족성계민족성소수 집단단일 민족 국가마이크로네이션국민국적범민족성다민족인구인종상징 민족성부족전투민족소수민족혼혈제노사이드토착민민족학인류학민족 연구민족고고학민족생물학 민족식물학민족동물학민족생태학민족영화민족지질학민족지 자민족지임상중요사이버넷민족지온라인인간중심인양경첩민족지비디오민족역사민족언어학민족학민족수학민속방법론민족박물관학민족음악학민족철학민족시학민족과학민족기호학민족정신학지역별 집단아프리카유럽오세아니아아랍 연맹유럽호주 원주민오세아니아 원주민오세아니아 내 유럽인아메리카원주민캐나다멕시코미국중앙아메리카남아메리카아시아중앙동북남동남서자기동일성과민족형성교차경주 효과문화 동화문화 정체성데모님개발자칭 지명민족기민족 선택민족 기원민족 종교인구 조사 내 민족성민족인식민족명민간 신앙역사상상의 주민친족근친상간전설의 조상계보 사회풍속국가건물국민 국가국어국가 신화건국 신화범부족 협회부족명부족주의원향다민족 사회협상주의디아스포라 정치지배적 소수민족 민주주의민족월경지민족 이익 집단민족 다수성민족 매체민족 포르노민족 놀이공원민족교외민족정치민족다원주의원주민 권리중매인 소수소수 권리모형 소수다민족 국가이념과민족 분쟁민족 생물무기민족 청소민족 증오민족 농담민족주의민족 친족주의민족 처벌민족 비방민족 고정관념민족 폭력민족중심주의민족파괴민족상징주의원주주의분리 독립 운동외국인 혐오증정체(正體) 또는 정체성(正體性, identity)은 존재의 본질 또는 이를 규명하는 성질이다Personal identityPart of a series onThe SelfConstructsSelf-knowledge (psychology)Self-imageSelf-conceptSelf-schemaPersonalityTheoriesNeural basis of selfSelf-categorization theoryProcessesSelf-perception theorySelf-awarenessSelf-reflectionSelf-consciousnessValue judgmentSelf-esteemTrue self and false selfAs applied to activitiesSelf-assessmentSelf-efficacyInterpersonalSelf-disclosureSelf-concealmentSocialPersonal identity (philosophy)Identity (social science)Collective identitySocial identity theoryIn-group and out-groupSocial identity threatPoliticsIdentity politics / Respectability politicsPolitical identityRight to personal identityPhilosophy of mindPhilosophersG. E. M. AnscombeAristotleArmstrongThomas AquinasJ. L. AustinAlexander BainGeorge BerkeleyHenri BergsonNed BlockFranz BrentanoC. D. BroadTyler BurgeDavid ChalmersPatricia ChurchlandPaul ChurchlandAndy ClarkDharmakirtiDonald DavidsonDaniel DennettRené DescartesFred DretskeFodorGoldmanMartin HeideggerDavid HumeEdmund HusserlWilliam JamesFrank Cameron JacksonImmanuel KantDavid Lewis (philosopher)John LockeGottfried Wilhelm LeibnizMaurice Merleau-PontyMarvin MinskyThomas NagelAlva NoëDerek ParfitPlatoHilary PutnamRichard RortyGilbert RyleJohn SearleWilfrid SellarsBaruch SpinozaAlan TuringMichael TyeVasubandhuLudwig WittgensteinStephen YabloZhuangzimore...TheoriesBehaviorismBiological naturalismDualismEliminative materialismEmergent materialismEpiphenomenalismFunctionalismInteractionismNaïve realism NeurophenomenologyNeutral monismNewmysterianismNondualismOccasionalismParallelismPhenomenalismPhenomenologyPhysicalism Type physicalismProperty dualismRepresentationalSolipsismSubstance dualismConceptsAbstract objectChinese roomCreativityCognitionCognitive closureConceptConsciousnessHard problem of consciousnessHypostatic abstractionIdeaIdentityIntelligence ArtificialHumanIntentionalityIntrospectionIntuitionLanguage of thoughtMental eventMental imageMental processMental propertyMental representationMindMind–body problemPainProblem of other mindsPropositional attitudeQualiaTabula rasaUnderstandingZombieRelatedMetaphysicsPhilosophy of artificial intelligence / information / perception / selfMetaphysicsTheoriesAbstract object theoryAction theoryAnti-realismDeterminismDualismEnactivismEssentialismExistentialismFreewillIdealismLibertarianismLibertyMaterialismMeaning oflifeMonismNaturalismNihilismPhenomenalismRealismPhysicalismRelativismScientific realismSolipsismSpiritualismSubjectivismSubstance theoryTheory of formsTruthmaker theoryType theoryConceptsAbstract objectAnima mundiCategory of beingCausalityCausal closureCogito, ergo sumConceptCosmosEmbodied cognitionEntityEssenceExistenceExperienceHypostatic abstractionIdeaIdentityImportanceInformation DataInsightIntelligenceIntentionLinguistic modalityMatterMeaningMental representationMindMotionNatureNecessityObjectOntologyPatternPerceptionPhysical objectPrinciplePropertyQualiaQualityRealityRelationSelfSoulSubjectSubstantial formThoughtTimeTruthType–token distinctionUniversalUnobservableValuemore ...MetaphysiciansParmenidesPlatoAristotleLucretiusProclusPlotinusAvicennaScotusAquinasSuárezDescartesSpinozaLockeMalebrancheNewtonLeibnizWolffReidBerkeleyHumeKantHegelSchopenhauerBolzanoKierkegaardLotzePeirceNietzscheMeinongBergsonWhiteheadRussellMooreCollingwoodWittgensteinHeideggerCarnapRyleSartreQuineDavidsonStrawsonAnscombeDeleuzeDummettArmstrongPutnamPlantingaKripkeLewisBaudrillardParfitmore ...Notable worksSophist (c. 350 BC)Timaeus (c. 350 BC)Nyāya Sūtras (c. 200 BC)De rerum natura (c. 80 BC)Metaphysics (c. 50)Enneads (c. 270)Daneshnameh-ye Alai (c. 1000)Meditations on First Philosophy (1641)Ethics (1677)A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710)Monadology (1714)Critique of Pure Reason (1781)Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (1783)The Phenomenology of Spirit (1807)The World as Will and Representation (1818)Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments (1846)Being and Time (1927)Being and Nothingness (1943)Simulacra and Simulation (1981)Related topicsAxiologyCosmologyEpistemologyFeminist metaphysicsInterpretations of quantum mechanicsMereologyMeta-PhenomenologyPhilosophy of mindPhilosophy of psychologyPhilosophy of selfPhilosophy of space and timeTeleology準para-AtlantissimilarAtlantis, alikeAtlantishalfAtlantis亞PleiadesepigonePleiadesrip-offPleiadeslitePleiades묵돌선우원효(元曉, 617년 ~ 686년)혁거세 거서간당 고종 이치당 태종(唐太宗) 이세민(李世民)기미두(期彌頭)수(隋) 문제(文帝) 양견(楊堅)수 양제(煬帝) 양광(楊廣)당고조(唐高祖) 이연(李淵)우문성(宇文盛)우문호(宇文護우문태(宇文泰)양자(量子, 영어: quantum, 복수형 quanta) 병신새끼들 +22원등급 박종권 서술 ------------------------------------------------ SCIENCE & technology는, 실제적현실상에서 보건대는, 속죄와 참회의 길에 속한다. 이 과학과 기술이란, 차원과 영역에 따라서 달라지는데, 대체적으로 삼천대천계로 일컬어지는 양자와 전자의 세계, 즉, 인간류문명계, 인간사람생명체들의 영역차원내에서 보건대는, 일종의 봉사이며, 참회, 속죄의 길에 속한다 이 문제는 매우 중요한데, 과학과 기술을 누가 개발하고 유지,운용하느냐의 문제이다. 반주,반우주세력들로서의 식인파충류무리, 식인공룡무리, 말데크악룡종족들이 가지는 구도중 하나는, 제놈들보다 더 영리하고 똑똑하고 더 진보발전된 대등한 존재이자 더 높은 존재일수도 있는 인간류,인류, 포유영장비파충류종들을 아수라원천지옥계의 힘에 해당되는 파충류종족,공룡종족,디아볼릭 악마와 마귀 우주마왕급의 포스와 무력으로서 공포로서 두려움으로서 무지와 어두움으로서 제압굴종시키고 일종의 고급육, 고급인육, 고급스런 고깃덩어리를 제공해주는 가축농장으로 만들려는 의도들이다. 여기서 중요한 핵심은, 바로 과학과 기술이다. 이 과학과 기술이란, 이들 반주, 반우주세력의 인간류의 짐승가축화시도음모에 대응하는 가장 효과적이며 기초적인 대응수단인 것이다. 이 가장 효과적이며 기초적인 대응수단을 누가 개발했느냐의 문제를 장악하고 선점하려는 것이 이 반주, 반우주, 식인파충류,식인공룡무리의 음모이며 의도이다. 이것을 선점장악하면, 인간류, 비파충류종들로부터 人智, 知性, 智識, 自矜心과 SELF-DIGNITY를 빼앗을수 있다. 인간류를 비롯한 문명인들의 약점중 하나는, 이와같은 기초수단과 술수 알고리즘들과 보조수단을 상실하게 될때 이 무도패악한 식인짐승무리들에게 대응력을 잃고 무력화된다는 점이다. 요걸 잘 아는 교활사특영악한 식인파충류놈들이 제일 먼저 장악한 것이 과학기술들이다. 그리고 분명히 제놈들의 원본능 원본래 원본심 원본원상의 성품이나 기질들을 종합해보건대는 절대로 과학이나 기술을 할 능력도 실력도 의지력도 기반력도 없는 무지한 짐승의 무리에 불과하면서도, 교활사특한 술수로서, 과학과 기술을 제놈들이 개발했다고 거짓말을 하고 제놈들이 개발한 것으로서 우주역사책에 기록하는 참람하고도 파렴치한 짓거리를 통해서, 인간류와 비파충류종족, 포유영장류나 문명계인들을 모독하고 무력화하는 수단으로 악용하는 술수들이다. 이 새끼들이 하다못해 내가 여기서 그림을 그려도 그 그림을 제놈이 그렸다고 말하고 제놈이 그린 것으로 표식을 하고 우주역사책에 제놈이 그렸다고 기록하는 파렴치의 극단을 달리는 무도한 짐승무리들이다. 그러나 내가 그간 목격관찰한바로는 이 새끼들중 그 누구도 내가 그리는 그림을 이해하거나 그릴 능력이나 성품을 가진 놈은 아무도 없었다. 이 새끼들은 전부가 압구정동 오렌지족에 해당되는 아무것도 할줄 모르는 짐승의 무리에 불과하지만, 다만, 문명계에서 살아가는 인간류를 제압통제굴종시키는 기술술수만 아는 놈들이다. 사람을 잡아먹는 기술술수, 인간류를 RUIN시키고 파멸굴종시킬수 있는 술수만 아는 육식맹수에 불과하지 이 새끼들 그 누구도 지성적으로서 지식적으로서 탐구적으로서 호기심으로서 열정으로서 어떤 새로운 분야의 일을 시도하거나 할수 있는 놈은 아무도 없다는 점이다. 그래서 반주, 반우주라고 부르는 이유이다. 아틀란티스놈들도 아주 이상한데, 아틀란티스를 이렇게 만든 놈이 라이라 여주신놈이며, 라이라12주신놈들이다. 이 새끼들이 주오파충류종에서 수달종으로 위전생하고자 하는데, 과거 죄업이 엄청나고 그러한 죄업을 속죄한답시고 강제로 어거지로 만든 것이 亞아틀란티스이다. 원본래로는 아틀란티스는 과학과 기술의 요람이며, 인간류문명의 발원지로서 인간류문명계를 지지지원하는 기반에 속하는데 이 무도한 짐승들은, 아틀란티스를 제놈들 방식으로 위개조하여, 인육을 처 먹고, 하등종족들을 짐승가축으로 퇴화시키는 유전자기술을 개발하고, 얄타의 사원을 통해서 음란과 타락을 조장하고, 그 음란과 타락으로서 인격을 파괴하고 인성과 정서를 죽이고 자긍심 자부심을 파괴하는 술수로서 짐승가축수준으로 퇴행시킨후, 고깃덩어리로서 인육통조림을 만들기에 적합한 하등짐승가축으로 퇴행시키는 기술술수를 개발하게 만든 이유가 된 것이다. 지금 여기서 이 글을 쓰면 이 글을 분명히 아트라스 개씨팔놈이 썼다고 말할 것이다. 그리고 이 씹새끼가 아틀란티스가 인육을 처 먹고 온갖 유전자조작과 못된 짓을 했지만, 제놈이 죽음을 각오하고 싸우고 수십번을 죽고 살고를 반복해서 아틀란티스를 개명시키고, 신시대를 열었다고 거짓말을 할 것이다. 분명하다. 하지만 요 씹새끼는, 20억명의 지구인들을 해왕성 뒷편에 만든 인육제조혹성지대로 끌고 가서 5년동안 목을 잘라서 전원 도살한 놈이다. 이 씨발놈이 바로 아놀드슈워츠제너거라고 알려진 개잡놈중에 개잡놈이다. 20억명의 지구인들은, 거대한 수송선에 태우는데, 보통 5만명이상을 한꺼번에 수송선에 태우고, 유체이동을 시키는 술수이다. 그러면 지구에서 살고 있던 지구인들은 무슨 일이 벌어지는지도 모르고, 어느 순간 목이 잘리고 죽는 거다. 그리고는 죽은 후에는 혼백이 아플레이아데스영국지도부놈들이 만든 혼백집하소에 잡혀들어간다. 그리고 육체는 유체는, 인육가공기로 집단이동되고, 순식간에 소고기, 돼지고기처럼 잘게 썰어지고, 인육통조림가공공정으로 들어가는 술수이다. 그리고 제놈들이 처먹고 마시는 모든 식료품과 소모품들을 전부 인육을 가공해서 만들어서 처먹고 즐기는 것이 바로 이 아놀드슈워츠제너거라는 놈이 한 짓이고, 바로 아트라스라고 알려진 잡놈이 주도한 짓이다. 그리고 이 아트라스라는 놈은 미마쓰라는 놈 그 자신이다. 미마쓰라는 놈은, 아틸라놈과 합작하여 훈족으로서 지구인들을 수도 없이 도살학살한 놈이다. 그리고는 이 씹새끼가 바바라마시니액이나 바바라핸드클로우니 하면서 PLEIADIANS KEYS TO THE LIVING LIBRARY라는 책을 쓰고 포톤벨트니 무슨 새로운 시대의 광명이니 하는 개소리를 나발대고 미국내에서 현자 성자노릇을 하고 있는 놈이기도 하다. 바바라마시니액이라는 년은 보지만 달린 사내놈이며, 미마쓰놈 그 자신인데, 인육을 최고도로 즐기고 처먹은 년이기도 하다. 그런 년이 새로운 광명시대가 어떻고 포톤벨트가 어떻고 인류구원이 어떻고를 지적으로 서술하는 것이 이 식인파충류무리들의 술수이며 이 육식식인인육맹수놈들의 세계이다. 그래서 반주, 반우주라고 부르는 것이다. 아트라스라는 놈은, 미마쓰 그 자신인데, 이 새끼도 인육을 가장 최고도로 즐기고 처먹은 놈이며 플레이아데스역사상 가장 많은 인육을 처 먹고 즐긴 놈이다. 그런데 요 씹새끼가 아틀란티스를 개명시키고, 아주 지적이고 열정적이고 잘난 놈으로 묘사되는 것도 요 씨브랄 인육짐승놈들의 세계상인 것이다. 자, 우리가 말하고자 하는 것은, 인류역사에서 기록된 모든 기술, 과학, 학문, 철학등 주요한 문명사에 대해서 도대체 누가 개발했고 누가 연구했고 누가 탐구했는가에 대한 기록은 매우 중요하다. 이것을 상실하거나 빼앗기면, 인간류는 졸지에 불고기감으로서의 인육 먹잇감이 되기에 아주 중요하다. 내가 여기서 뭘하면 이 씨팔놈들이 무조건 제놈이 한 것으로 처리하는데, 그래서 그렇게 하는 것이다. 나의 원등급은 +22등급이지만, 지구인으로 들어왔을때 +22원등급이고 지구인이전에는 +24등급에 해당된다. 여호와놈들보다 등급이 더 높다. 하나님 등급이다. 하지만 잘못된 부모자식관계음모술수에 걸려서 이렇게 된 것이다. 게다가 이건희라는 놈이 들러붙어서 이 모든 나의 보배들을 무조건 빼앗고 제놈이 우주현자나 신이 되려고 한다. 이 새끼들은 무조건 살인술수로 대응한다. 무조건 사람을 죽이는 술수다. 일단, 과학,기술,철학,사상등 중요한 문명체계내에서의 업적과 위업에 대해서 도대체 누가 원본래적 원근원적 원핵심적으로서 그 일을 했는가를 정확하게 기록하고 영구보존하고 이를 세상에 널리 알리고 알게 하는 것이 중요하다. 이것을 식인파충류놈들에게 빼앗기면 모든 것을 순식간에 잃게 되는 이유가 된다. 절대로 과학기술사상철학예술섹스에르틱등 중요한 것들을 식인파충류무리나 식인공룡류, 식인짐승무리들에게 빼앗기거나 넘겨줘서는 안된다로서 직권지시명령처리기록되다. 이들은 이런 일에는 전혀 관심이 없으며, 다만 인육을 처먹고자 하는 욕심하나만 있는 무도한 짐승들이다. 안 그런 것처럼 보이는 것은 인육사냥술수로서 능수능란하게 위장하기 때문이다. 우리가 이미 말했듯 사냥을 할때 사자나 호랑이등 육식맹수들은 전력질주한다. 어떤 육식맹수도 사냥을 게으르게 하지 않는다. 사냥을 하면 전력질주다. 이점을 감안하면 요 새끼들이 왜 지구인들 세계에서 칭찬명예에 집착하는 듯보이고 부귀호사를 즐기고 집착하는듯 보이는지에 대한 이유를 설명할 것이다. 즉, 인육을 처 먹으려면 거의 완벽하게 위조위장하여 사냥술수를 전개해야 하기에 누구보다도 더 돈을 사랑하고 이익을 중시하고 잘 처 먹고 잘살기를 바라는 인지상정에 집중하는 척 해야 하는 것이다. 그러나 실제로는 그런 일은 관심이 없고 인육을 처 먹고자 하는 육식맹수놈들의 기본원본능욕구밖에 없는 놈들이다. 헤게모니를 장악하기 위해서는 일단 기술과학사상철학예술섹스에로틱등 중요핵심을 내가 개발했다거나 만들었다거나 주장하면서 제놈 소유로 해야 한다. 그리고 그것에 이어서 이 씨팔놈들은 돈을 장악해야 한다. 돈이 없으면 먹고 살수 없는 원시야만영역화해야만 인육사냥이 가능하기에 그렇다. 인육이란, 제놈들이 보건대 제놈들이 만족할만큼 지적이고 영리하고 수준높은 실체이지만, 제놈이 고기로서 먹을수 있는 대상을 인육이라고 말하는 것이다. 그런데 제놈이 만족할만한 높은 수준이라면, 고기로서 먹기 어렵다는 점이다. 그것을 쉽게 고기로 처 먹으려고, 돈이 없으면 살수 없게 만든다든지, 섹스나 기타 기본욕구를 충족하지 못하게 만든다든지 모독을 가하고 모욕을 가하고 폭력과 무력을 자행하는 술수들이다. 자본주의라는 것도 실제로는 인육을 처 먹고자하는 육식맹수놈들이 고안한 것들이다. 여기서 중요한 것은 기술과학사상철학예술섹스에로틱등을 누가 개발했고 누가 소유하고 누가 관리하느냐의 문제이다. 아틀란티스와 준성단계 혹은 휴만종족문명계, 비파충류문명계에서는 이 점을 중시하여, 과학기술사상철학예술섹스에로틱등 핵심분야의 원천기술을 개발한 원근원 원핵심근원들을 보호하고 방어유지하고 그 결과를 우주역사책에 반드시 영원토록 기록해야 한다. 무식하고 무지하고 횡포하고 어둡고 흉악한 짐승수준인 놈들이 그것을 개발했다고 말하는 것이 지구이고, 현재의 은하계, 안드로메다계이다. 짐승놈들이 다스리는 더러운 지옥계이다. 그리고 자기 하지 않은 일을 자기가 했다고 기록하는 술수들을 원천봉쇄하고 그렇게 기록할수 있는 영역과 차원을 영구파괴하고 제거소멸해야 하며, 그렇게 해서 남의 것을 빼앗고 가로채는 술수들을 아예 쓰지 못하게 만들어야 한다. 자기가 하지 않은 일을 했다고 기록하는 술수들과 그렇게 기록하면 그렇게 기록한 놈에게 모든 이익이 돌아가게 되어있는 이상한 우주법칙들과 영역차원들도 모조리 파괴제거소멸시켜야 한다로서 직권지시명령처리기록되다. 상천연합, 비파충류준초식연합, 말데크대적가능연합, 은하연합, 아틀란티스연합, 준성단연합 +22원등급 박종권 서술 직권지시명령서 準para-Atlantis similarAtlantis, alikeAtlantis halfAtlantis 亞Pleiades epigonePleiades rip-offPleiades litePleiades 묵돌선우 원효(元曉, 617년 ~ 686년)내물마립간 시간(時間)은 사물의 변화를 인식하기 위한 개념이다. 세월(歲月) 또는 광음(光陰)이라고도 한다. 과거, 현재, 미래로 이어지는 명백히 불가역적인 연속상에서 발생한다.[1][2][3] 시간은 물질 운동의 계기성(繼起性)의 연관이며 물질의 어떠한 운동에도 불가결한 물질 자신의 측면이다. 시간은 한때 예로부터 자주 마음 쪽에 근거를 갖는 것으로 생각되기도 했다(칸트도 시간을 직관의 형식으로 보았다). 시간은 1차원의 불가역성이 그 특징이며 3차원의 공간과 불가분한 통일을 이루어 4차원의 시간과 공간을 구성하고 있다.[4시간에 대한 이해를 시도하는 것은 고대부터 철학자와 과학자들의 주된 관심사이다. 시간은 종교, 철학, 과학에서 오랫동안 중요한 연구 주제로 되어왔으나 시간의 의미에 대한 여러 갈래의 폭넓은 시각이 존재하기 때문에 논쟁의 여지가 없는 명확한 시간의 정의를 제공하는 것은 어렵다.[5][6] 또한 시간이 사건의 측정을 위한 인위적인 단위에 불과한지, 아니면 사건과는 독립적으로 존재하는 물리학적 의미를 갖는 어떠한 양인지에 대해서도 정확히 알려진 바 없다. 물리학에서의 시간은 "시계가 읽는 바"를 정의한다.[7][8][9] 물리학의 방정식에서 시간을 가역적으로 나타내는 것은 계산성의 추상면에서 그러하며, 거기에서 실재적인 시간의 가역성적 주장은 나오지 않는다.[4]시간의 단위는 오랫동안 사건들 사이의 간격과 그 지속 기간에 대한 양으로 생각되어 왔다. 예를 들어, 규칙적으로 발생하는 사건들과 하늘을 가로질러 지나가는 태양의 육안 운동, 달이 차고 기우는 변화, 진자의 진동처럼, 명백하게 주기적으로 운동을 하는 물체들을 시간의 단위에 대한 표준으로 사용하여 왔던 것이다. 시간은 국제단위계(SI)와 국제량체계의 7가지 중요 물리량 중 하나이다. SI 시간 단위는 초이며 세슘 원자의 진동수를 측정함으로써 정의된다. 시간은 속도와 같은 다른 수량을 정의하기 위해 사용되므로 이러한 맥락에서 시간의 정의는 다양해진다.

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  run away with a person's thunder  run away with a person's thunder 단어장에 저장 1 . 남의 생각[방법]을  가로채다 , 남의 공을 빼앗다 2 . 선수를 치다, 남을 앞지르다 女子性器女性器여성성기女性性器muliebriafemale genitaliafront bottomlambie-pie630128-1067814박종권我서기2025년4월4일현재61세기준이건희我의섹스마법이건희我의아틀란티스생식샘침투기원전15000년시기아틀란티스침투아틀란티스생식샘접수후섹스마법개발이건희프로젝트를통해서은하계1/4파괴부정정사부정정교부정사음부정섹스부정결혼자행만든영체로서+22원등급휴만종족계열의고위등급영혼체를복제복사하고빼앗아서식인파충류식인공룡말데크계열의휴만종족인간종비파충류종에대한영구지배음모추진레무리아파멸아틀란티스파멸후은하계전체를가축농장화시도전초전으로서亞플레이아데스식인파충류무리가하이브리드휴만종족으로위조각하여플레이아데스연방전개은하계장악및연이은지구아플레이아데스인들의영구복락획책제4우주전개술수로악용오리온민타카와아플레이아데스전쟁유발이건희가섹스마법부정정사술수로서서양고위명문백인위전생후서양세계지도자로부상빌데베르크지도자,로마클럽지도자,프리메이슨중추핵심,일루미나티지도부장악합스부르크장악말데크악룡의인육집중정책가축농장화음모적극협조지원인간류멸족하등짐승화추진음모남자로서여자보지를달고여자로위장하는남색여장남자여장남성소돔과고모라연출지구인간문명계의파탄유도짐승수준으로타락유인바벨탑구축背恩忘德悖惡悖德함의奬勵稱讚激勵당연시풍조구축인간류의고깃덩어리화정책집중에악용여자보지여자음부여자음문여자음구인간류포유영장류의섹스오르가즘쾌락을인육사냥기술에집중적용악용식인식육인육물건육등인간고기를처먹는수단으로서인간류섹스쾌감오르가즘을오용적용인육미각증진용으로악용물리학의 주요 분야분류응용물리학실험물리학이론물리학에너지운동열역학역학 고전역학 라그랑주 역학해밀턴 역학연속체 역학천체역학통계역학유체역학양자역학파동장중력전자기학양자장론상대성이론 특수 상대성이론일반 상대성이론전문 분야가속물리학음향학천체물리학 ...
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